The changing role of Trade unions in the UK Focus on Unite the Union Free Essays

Presentation Join the Union, regularly alluded to as Unite, is a British and Irish worker's organization with roughly 1.5 million individuals in assorted working environments. Built up in 2007 because of a merger among Amicus and Transport General Workers Union (TG), it was shaped with the possibility of settling scrapes looked by representatives in the European work advertise (Unite the Union 2012). We will compose a custom exposition test on The changing job of Trade associations in the UK: Focus on Unite the Union or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The essential inspiration for the two associations to develop together was to make one of the biggest and most grounded worker's organizations in Europe. Their objective was to fortify their dealing power with managers so as to accomplish regular goals, for example, better working conditions, professional stability, satisfactory wages, out of line excusal, arrangement for better preparing offices, higher maternity and paternity leaves, better remuneration if there should be an occurrence of injury and decrease inconsistent business openings. (Wood 2002) Hierarchical Structure Unite’s structure is one in which individuals are urged to get included and have their state. It is organized as an open and equitable association where individuals have total opportunity to communicate their interests related with their working environment. Join the Union targets having a bigger part power through which they can expand their haggling power and consequently build up a more attractive society. This would demonstrate as a bit of leeway for the since a long time ago run for Unite as late investigations guarantee that future patterns show decreasing enrollment rates among associations in light of bureaucratic boundaries and arrangements (Gospel and Wood, 2003). Individuals from Unite are given the choice to present work environment concerns and issues through the arrangement making systems present in each modern segment. Join likewise gives the chance to its individuals to raise worries through meetings that are held for every industry division consistently. This is to guarantee that the association gets significant contribution from its individuals and crusade for the rights or worries that are important for its individuals. The choices made in the mechanical meetings are pushed ahead for banter in the associations national gathering that is held at regular intervals. Through this strategy, Unite guarantees that its individuals get an opportunity to effectively take an interest and included to help shape the union’s activities. (Wood 2002) Strategic Unite the Union Join means to fabricate a general public that gives common advantages to both the representatives and the businesses, and by doing so would like to upgrade the accomplishment of the economy. Join the Union constantly progresses in the direction of pulling in more representatives by its open-entryway arrangement and drawing in them adequately into the dynamic procedure. This guarantees the association gets more grounded through its sound enrollment and persuading forces to intensify their voice. (Metcalf 2001) Targets of Unite the Union The association wishes to grow its administrations to people past the UK and Ireland and expand their main goal all inclusive (Metcalf 2003a). As of now, Unite works in numerous different nations in Europe and has prevailing with regards to setting up the most noteworthy number of European Works Councils when contrasted with different associations. The best achievement accomplished by Unite is the establishment of Worker’s Uniting in a joint effort with United Steal Workers (USW) (Pencavel 2003).Worker’s joining is another worldwide worker's organization, involving in excess of 3,000,000 laborers from various pieces of the world, who work in different divisions of the economy. In partnership with Unite, USW battle towards human right issues for workers around the world, and crusade against dishonest work guidelines and worries in creating nations, for example, Bangladesh (for example kid laborers) and China (for example sweatshops) (Gospel 2003).Moreover, Unite the Unio n expects to make a solitary and ground-breaking, worldwide worker's guild that will make a singular stage for workers having a place with various economies (for example Laborers Uniting †a coalition association working under Unite). So as to accomplish such a target, Unite is stretching out a hand to different worker's guilds in different nations, helping them with assets and approach making so as to one day join all worker's organizations together. (Metcalf 2003b, 2003c) In this manner, Unite the Union doesn't confine its tasks towards the assurance of its own individuals, however expands its administrations towards the security of rights and interests of laborers around the world. There are sure goals set by Unite the Union that will in the long run beat certain worker's guild related obstructions surfacing and reinforce the intensity of the association as far as enrollments. Ebbinghaus and Visser (2000) demonstrate in their investigation that a pattern towards de-unionization is set to happen because of the privatization of businesses, which will present troubles in enrolling individuals. Be that as it may, through the associations open-entryway arrangement, it is viably holding its individuals and giving them added advantages to joining the association (for example lower protections, solid advantages, and so on) (Metcalf 2001). Another noticeable future pattern in worker's guilds is inception of enlisting female individuals in worker's organizatio ns. Join wants to conceptualize on this by battling against equivalent rights for ladies (Charlwood 2002). Additionally, another developing worry for the worker's guild development is the nonattendance of youthful individuals. Youthful people are hesitant to join associations for two fundamental reasons, most are jobless in the contemporary commercial center and on the grounds that the see worker's organizations as something crude, offering no advantages for their requirements. Join wants to activate on youthful individuals by putting intensely in advancing instruction and preparing for its individuals. Through its union gatherings, for example, First Worker’s Association (FWA) that give instruction and preparing to its individuals by working various preparing universities and focuses, Unite would like to hold the consideration of youthful individuals and achieve their enthusiasm for enrollments. (Arulampalam 2000) To close, Unite the Union cases that the formation of FWA and Workers Uniting is just a venturing stone for their future undertakings to conquer worker's organization hindrances. They have all the more impressive and more grounded universal association arrangement designs in the pipeline, which once framed will accomplish more objectives all around with a more extensive overall effect. (Jewel 2003) REFERENCES Arulampalam, W. what's more, Booth, A.L. (2000) ‘Union Status of Young Men in Britain: A Decade of Change’, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 15 (3): 289-310. Charlwood, A. (2002) ‘Why do Non-association Employees Want to Unionize?’ British Journal of Industrial Relations, 40 (3): 463â€492. Jewel, W. what's more, Freeman, R. (2003) ‘Young Workers and Trade Unions’, in H. Gospel and S.J. Wood (eds) Representing Workers: Trade Union Recognition and Membership in Britain, London: Routledge, approaching Gospel, H. furthermore, Wood, S., (2003) Representing Workers: Trade Union Representation and Membership in Britain, London: Routledge. Metcalf, D. (2003a) ‘Trade Unions’, in P. Gregg and J. Wadsworth (eds) State of Working Britain, London: Macmillan. Metcalf, D. (2003b) ‘Unions and Productivity, Financial Performance and Investment: International Evidence’, in J. Addison and C. Schnabel (eds) International Handbook of Trade Unions, Edward Elgar. Metcalf, D., Hansen, K. furthermore, Charlwood, A. (2001c) ‘Unions and the Sword of Justice: Unions and Pay Systems, Pay Inequality, Pay Discrimination and Low Pay’, National Institute Economic Review, April 176: 61-75. Pencavel, J. (2003) ‘The Surprising Retreat of Union Britain’, approaching in R. Blundell, D. Card and R. Freeman (eds) Seeking a Premier League Economy, National Bureau of Economic Research. Machin, S. (2000) ‘Union Decline in Britain’, British Journal of Industrial Relations 38 (4): 631â€645. Metcalf, D. (2001) ‘British Unions: Dissolution or Resurgence Re-visited’ in R. Dickens, J. Wadsworth and P. Gregg (eds) The State of Working Britain, London: London School of Economics and Political Science. Wood, S., Moore, S. furthermore, Willman, P. (2002) ‘Third Time Lucky for Statutory Union Acknowledgment in the UK?’, Industrial Relations Journal 33 (3): 215-234. Colombini, D. (2012), Vion and Unite the Union Resolve Pay Row [Online] Available at: http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Business-News/Vion-and-Unite-the-association resolve-pay-push [Accessed 21April 2012]. Fuel Tank Drivers Rejects Proposals to Avert Strike. South Wales Evening Post Available at: http://www.thisissouthwales.co.uk/Fuel-tank-drivers-dismiss recommendations turn away strike/story-15858175-detail/story.html [Accessed 21 April 2012]. Olivia, F. (2012), GSLP/LIBS and Unions to Celebrate May Day Together. Gibraltar Chronicle, [Online] Available at: http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=24596 [Accessed 21April 2012]. Join the Union Calls for Increase in Health Safety Inspectors. Vox Editor Available at: http://vox.gi/nearby/4796-join the-association calls-for-increment of-wellbeing security inspectors.html [Accessed 21 April 2012]. Join Union Urges ‘no’ vote in Fiscal Compact Referendum. Irish Examiner Available at: http://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/join association asks no-vote-in-financial smaller submission 548061.html [Accessed 21April 2012]. The most effective method to refer to The changing job of Trade associations in the UK: Focus on Unite the Union, Essay models

Crazy Day

Crazy Day Two of my friends from UCLA are visiting, and we have had a busy first day. They both flew in early this morning, and we spent the whole day walking around the area in the glorious warmth and sunlight that indicates the MIT Weather Machine is gearing up for Campus Preview Weekend (CPW). For the food snobs out there, we had lunch at Legal Seafoods, homemade gelato in Beacon Hill, truffles on Newbury, Trader Joes chips in my suite, and dinner at Figs. In addition, three very notable things happened today: I received season 1 of Greys Anatomy on DVD I went to Wellesley for the first time ever I saw Ben Affleck on the sidewalk! Crazy Day My Wednesday: 9:00 AM Swim Test at the Zesiger (Z) Center. For some reason, I waited until senior year to take the mandatory swim test, but I miraculously passed and am now a teeny bit closer to graduating. 10:00 AM Shower, eat, do homework (and write this) 1:00 PM Attend 15.501: Corporate Accounting lecture 2:30 PM Volunteer at the International Development Network (IDN) Crafts Fair in Lobby 10 Though today is the Crafts Fair, Friday is the International Development Fair itself, which gives MIT students the opportunity to learn about ways that they can become engaged in international development through student groups, non-profit organizations, or academic course offerings in and around MIT campus. Groups and organizations of all types set up booths to display their development projects and enlist the interested students who pass through the fair grounds. The annual Fair is organized by the MIT International Development Network, a community network developed to promote and share information about activities, programs, events and formal academic offerings related to International Development. The Fair is also the flagship event of MITs International Development Week. 3:30 PM Attend Development Lab (D-Lab), whose trips to other countries in January (reread) are partially funded by the Crafts Fair, I believe 5:30 PM Learn more about the MIT-France Program at an info session/reception For undergrads, the MIT-France program offers both internships and study in France opportunities. There could be more programs I dont know about yet, but I will find out tonight! 7:00 PM Attend associate advisor training to improve my advising skills 9:00 PM Start to finish monster 14.05: Macroeconomics problem set Who knows AM Fall asleep dreaming of a Jim and Pam reunion 7:00 AM PE Jogging class with Sam 07 And so the cycle begins again. Theres so much that I want to do (especially now that Im a senior and realize that my time is running out) and keeping up can be hard at times, but I love this place. *Sniff* Not a bad day. P.S. 5 points if you can correctly guess what that quotation references

Oral Care Major Players Launch Growth - Free Essay Example

MARKET REPORT Oral care: Major players launch growth-driving products USA Positive performances by all oral care categories led to market growth of 5% in 2007. Toothpastes and mouthwashes grew by 3% and 8% respectively, while whitening treatments posted growth of 10% – a turnaround from the decline of previous years. All categories have bene? ted from product launches. Education in the category continues to revolve around the link between oral care and overall health. For example, Colgate-Palmolive partnered with health insurer Aetna and numerous drug chains to offer an education programme on preventive dental care and its link to general wellbeing. Also, in September 2007, GSK, the American Dental Association (ADA) and the ADA Foundation debuted the Oral Longevity programme, designed to increase oral health awareness in older adults. Market Review US †¢ New products lead to growth in all categories †¢ In? ux of products from foreign marketers †¢ Technological innovation aids upturn of whitening strip sales Canada †¢ Toothpastes and mouthwashes grow, while sales of whitening treatments are ? t Toothpastes Toothpaste sales grew by 3% in 2007. Products made with natural ingredients continue to be successful, according to industry sources. Private label sales are minor. In June 2007, the FDA advised consumers to avoid using toothpastes manufactured in China, as many that had been imported from the country were found to contain poi sonous chemical diethylene glycol. Some of the counterfeits were falsely labelled as Colgate, but other major brands were not impacted and so the situation is unlikely to have hindered overall growth. USA and Canada: Oral care categories 2005-2007 USA US$mn Toothpastes Mouthwashes Whitening treatments Total Canada Toothpastes Mouthwashes Whitening treatments Total 163. 5 75. 9 32. 6 272. 1 173. 9 82. 0 30. 7 286. 5 178. 8 86. 9 30. 4 296. 0 2005 1,619. 1 721. 9 298. 8 2,639. 8 2006 1,635. 3 772. 5 265. 9 2,673. 6 2007 1,690. 5 834. 9 291. 3 2,816. 8 The competitive environment Crest continues to battle with Colgate for the category’s No. 1 spot. Crest grew by 8% and takes roughly a third of category sales. The growth was largely thanks to sales of its Pro-Health toothpaste, which more than trebled to reach $95mn. The presentation bene? ed from a category-leading adspend of $69mn. Crest Pro-Health tackles cavities, gingivitis, plaque, sensitivity, stains, tartar build-up and bad breath. Education about the brand informs consumers about the links between oral care and overall wellbeing. Meanwhile, industry sources stated that the Pro-Health Night arm of the range, launched in September 2007, has proved popular with consum ers. It is positioned to tackle bacteria through the night. Source: Nicholas Hall’s Insight, sales via all retail outlets, full year 2007 (MSP), applies to following tables and references to sales data in the text unless otherwise stated. Canadian data based on exchange rate of US$mn: C$mn – 0. 9870, published in the UK Financial Times on 1 January 2008 Simpli? yle 6 MARCH 2008 63 ORAL CARE Crest Whitening Plus Scope grew by 8% to $138mn. However, sales of Crest Whitening Expressions fell by 18% to $68mn. Crest Extra White Plus Scope was launched in September 2007 with the â€Å"Smile Bright in the Spotlight† competition, which offered the chance to host the People’s Choice Awards show with presenter Ryan Seacrest. PG spent around $35mn advertising Crest Nature’s Expressions – introduced in April 2007 – which includes natural ingredients. The brand is for consumers â€Å"who want to experience natural ingredients but whose preference indicates a strong loyalty to brands with established heritage† according to Diane Dietz, general manager of PG’s North American oral care business. Crest Healthy Radiance Toothpaste System is available to consumers from March 2008. It comprises toothpaste and weekly deep clean strips, to strengthen enamel and whiten teeth. The system is targeted at women who want to achieve a healthy and attractive smile with one product. Sales of Colgate – which take around a third of category dollars – remained ? at despite the range being developed. Growth may have been hindered, in part, by concerns over counterfeit toothpaste falsely labelled as Colgate, which was found in some discount stores in June 2007. In 2007, Colgate-Palmolive launched premium-priced Total Advanced Clean. It contains silica – to polish teeth – and an antibacterial formula that creates a protective germ? ghting coating. The launch was supported by professional sampling and advertising featuring actress Brooke Shields. Also, in April 2007, the Max Fresh range was extended with Burst presentations, infused with â€Å"50% more breath strips† than the regular version, according to the company. A+P review: Leading US oral care adspends 2007 Brand Marketer US$mn Crest Listerine Colgate Aquafresh Rembrandt Sensodyne Arm Hammer ACT Orajel* SmartMouth PG McNeil / JJ Colgate-Palmolive GSK Personal Products / JJ GSK Church Dwight Chattem Del Laboratories Triumph Pharmaceuticals 204. 1 97. 1 55. 8 46. 1 22. 0 19. 2 13. 2 8. 6 4. 5 4. 2 *Toothpaste only. Does not include adspend for oral pain SKUs Source: TNS Media Intelligence, 12 months to 30 September 2007, taken from the top 50 adspends of dental care presentations. Applies to all references to adspends in the text It was supported with an adspend of close to $8mn and promoted by Hispanic musician Tito el Bambino. GSK offers Aquafresh and Sensodyne. Aquafresh – which takes around 8% of category dollars – grew by 10% to $142m. This was aided by three product launches – Aquafresh Advanced is positioned as a multi-bene? t toothpaste, while Iso-active creates microscopic bubbles during brushing that penetrate hard-to-reach areas. Lastly, Aquafresh White Shine was launched in 2007 and carries claims not only to whiten, but also to contain microbuffers that polish teeth. After an initial bout of consumer interest surrounding its launch in 2006, Aquafresh Extreme Clean declined by 13% to $42mn. Sensodyne sales were ? at at $76mn. The brand’s two most recent additions, ProNamel and Full Protection, were supported with adspends of over $16mn and nearly $3mn respectively. The rest of the line has been repackaged. Following Colgate-Palmolive’s purchase of Tom’s of Maine in 2006, its toothpaste range has grown by 6%, fuelled by ongoing demand for natural products. Packaging has been updated to make the speci? c bene? s of each toothpaste clearer. In December 2007, Natural Clean Gentle toothpastes were launched, including SKUs for whitening and dry mouth. Sensitive Care Antiplaque toothpaste is IRI market facts: US OTC oral care 2007 (RSP) Category Toothpastes Mouthwashes Whitening treatments Sales $mn 1,260. 4 684. 0 242. 3 % change +2. 9 +8. 4 +11. 0 Source: Information Resources Inc, sales in food, drug and mass merchandise outlets (excludes Wal-Mart), 52 weeks to 30 December 2007 Simpli? yle 6 64 MARCH 2008 MARKET REPORT Paediatric presentations There were several developments in OTC oral care for children in 2007. Colgate-Palmolive, which markets a range of paediatric toothpastes, partnered with Reading is Fundamental to offer the â€Å"Healthy Bedtime Habits for a Lifetime† programme, in which families can use online tools to create a bedtime rituals log. Vi-Jon Laboratories has launched Inspector Hector. The brand comprises two products – Inspector Hector Plaque Detector, a pre-brush rinse that turns plaque blue so that children know where to brush, and Inspector Hector Tooth Protector, a ? uoride rinse. Meanwhile, Dr Fresh recently launched Fire? y MouthSwoosh, which has a light-up timer cap that ? ashes for 30 seconds, the recommended amount of time to use the product each session. In April 2007, all bottles of McNeil / JJ’s Listerine Agent Cool Blue rinse were recalled after it was found that the product’s â€Å"preservative system [was] not adequate against certain microorganisms†. The company is re-entering the paediatric market in March 2008 with Listerine Smart Rinse, an anti-cavity ? uoride rinse. In terms of toothpastes, Aim Kids for 6-10 year olds was launched in July 2007. Unlike many paediatric toothpastes, the brand does not use a licensed cartoon character, which enables Church Dwight to maintain the low pricing of the value-based range. Meanwhile, Crest has extended the trend of unusual ? avours to its children’s Wild Expressions toothpaste, with Burstin’ Bubblegum and Cinnsational Swirl. another new addition, to be rolled out in the ? rst half of 2008. Both new ranges contain patent-pending ingredient glycyrrhizin, from puri? ed licorice, which provides a natural foaming experience, according to the company. Church Dwight ? elds Arm Hammer, Mentadent, Aim and Close-Up. The company is set to launch Arm Hammer Age Defying toothpaste in 2008, which is positioned to strengthen teeth and repair damage caused by whitening products. Rembrandt sales were ? at in the reporting period. The brand was relaunched and repackaging following its purchase by Personal Products / JJ from Gillette in October 2005. Its A+P targets young people, using a traveling store that hosted makeover parties and concerts. Availability of Pierre Fabre’s pharmacy toothpaste, Elgydium, is being extended to the US by the French company’s US subsdiary, Sante Active. Elgydium whitening and anti-cavity toothpastes, plus four toothbrush models, will be sold in pharmacies and online. Swedish cosmetic company Ori? ame has also made a foray into the US oral care market with OptiFresh, a toothpaste formulated with sea algae rich in zinc, iron, calcium and phosphor that helps â€Å"remineralise† tooth enamel. Other launches include BreathRx Sensitive Formula (Discus Dental) and Healthy Teeth Gums toothpaste line (The Natural Dentist). Prospects Natural products and ? avouring innovations are set to remain popular. Industry insiders cite toothpastes with multiple bene? s and products positioned for the ageing population as drivers of future growth. Mouthwashes Mouthwashes continue to perform well, posting growth of 8%. Private labels claim around 11% of sales and grew by 5%. Niche products are partly responsible for the overall growth, as more breath fresheners and dry mouth presentations have been launched. Additionally, innovative positioning, such as extolling the bene? ts of using mouthwash at night, has proved successful. In company news, Chattem announced in May 2007 that it was to acquire the rights to ACT mouthwash in Western Europe and trademark rights worldwide. Prior to this, Chattem acquired US rights to ACT from JJ, which divested the brand as a condition of its buyout of P? zer CH. The competitive environment Listerine takes half of category sales and managed 7% growth. The launch of Listerine Tooth Defense – in March 2007 – added $21mn sales to the brand. The ? uoride Simpli? yle 6 MARCH 2008 65 ORAL CARE rinse strengthens teeth and prevents cavities, a departure from Listerine’s usual positioning of reducing plaque and gingivitis. This was a welcome boost, considering a 13% decline in sales of Listerine Whitening to $44mn. McNeil spent $97mn on press, radio and TV ads for the brand. The company also markets Listerine PocketPaks. PG’s collection of Crest mouthwashes generated $104mn in 2007 and grew by 35%. Crest Pro-Health Rinse increased by 16% to $80mn. As with the ProHealth toothpaste, the rinse has been extended with a nighttime presentation. Meanwhile, sales of Crest Whitening Rinse trebled to $24mn in 2007. PG also ? elds Scope, which posted a decline of 6%. The launch of Scope White mouthwash, which has been promoted with TV ads, may revitalise the brand. Declining sales of ACT’s core presentation were offset by the strong performance of ACT Restoring mouthwash. Chattem launched a 33oz version of ACT Restoring in March 2007. The larger bottle has a lower ? uoride dose compared to the original 18oz size (? uoride sodium 0. 02% vs ? uoride sodium 0. 05%). This is owing to regulations limiting the amount of ? uoride allowed in a single bottle. As a result, consumers are instructed to use the 33oz version of the mouthwash twice a day as opposed to once. The brand is supported by year-round TV, press and in-store ads. ACT was formerly part of Personal Products / JJ’s oral care portfolio, which includes the Reach dental accessories range. When JJ owned both of these brands, a version of the mouthwash called Reach ACT Restoring was available but following ACT’s divestment to Chattem, SKUs under this name are no longer in production. BreathRx – launched in 2006 – grew by 81% to around $8mn. Discus Dentals has added Sensitive Formula Mouth Rinse to the range, along with numerous new SKUs including toothpaste. The new products are formulated with trademarked ingredient, Zytex, which contains thymol, eucalyptus oil and zinc. Meanwhile, the TheraBreath Starter Kit was rolled out by Dr Harold USA: Mouthwash / rinse shares 2007 Listerine 50% McNeil / JJ Crest 13% Procter Gamble Scope 7% Procter Gamble ACT* 4% Chattem Colgate 2% Colgate-Palmolive Biotene 2% Laclede Others, inc PLs 22% *excludes $14mn sales of Reach ACT Restoring †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Katz in January 2008. Each box contains TheraBreath rinse, toothpaste, ? oss strips, chewing gum, dry mouth breath mints, a tongue cleaner and a Fresh Breath Guide. The kit was promoted with â€Å"Try Me Free† rebate offer. Additionally, the Healthy Gums Oral Rinse formula (The Natural Dentist) has been updated to contain 100% natural ingredients. The company is extending the brand with an anticavity ? uoride rinse in April 2008. Alva-Amco’s Theradent has been extended with a teeth desensitising oral rinse – the ? rst OTC rinse to treat oral sensitivity, according to the company. SmartMouth (Triumph Pharmaceuticals) is also available. The National Advertising Division recently substantiated Triumph’s claim that SmartMouth â€Å"prevents bad breath for 12 hours (12 x more than any competitor). In terms of dry mouth rinses, Biotene rinse grew by 16% to $16mn. This was partially owing to the introduction of Oral Balance Liquid in 2006, which is packaged in a squirt bottle for convenience. GSK competes in the segment with Oasis mouthwash and mouthspray. In April, DiabEase Dead Sea Mineral mouth rinse (Masada Health Beauty Corp) was launched, to ease dry mouth and oral symptoms associa ted with diabetes, while Rain Dry Mouth Spray (Xlear) followed in July. Sales of antiseptic oral cleansers have suffered. GSK’s Glyoxide declined by 57% to under $5mn and Colgate Simpli? yle 6 66 MARCH 2008 MARKET REPORT Per-Oxyl fell by 8% to $9mn. Such products have strong competition from high-priced speciality items that incorporate new technology, such as canker sore discs (see Market Report, November 2007, pp301-302). USA: Whitening treatment shares 2007 Crest Whitestrips 55% Procter Gamble Aquafresh White Trays 12% GSK Rembrandt 12% Personal Products / JJ Listerine Whitening 8% McNeil / JJ Private labels 8% †¢ †¢ †¢ Prospects Niche products, such as those for dry mouth, will continue to drive growth, while innovative positioning will encourage consumers to use mouthwash more often within their daily regime. †¢ †¢ Whitening treatments A ? urry of new products has revived the whitening category, with sales increasing by 10%. In particular, products that make the whitening process quicker and easier have enhanced sales. Whitening treatments have also started to incorporate bene? ts traditionally associated with toothpastes and mouthwashes, such as tartar protection and h alitosis prevention. Others 5% Sales of Rembrandt fell by 32% to $34mn, despite an adspend of over $5mn. The range comprises whitening kits, strips and a touch-up pen. In July 2007, JJ launched Listerine Whitening Quick Dissolving Strips, which have since had sales of $22mn. The strips use multi-layer technology that releases hydrogen peroxide to whiten teeth. It also carries claims to kill bad breath germs. New products from large marketers have hampered sales of smaller brands. White Light (Telebrands) has declined by 77%, while Wellquest Ionic fell by 68%. Plus White (CCA Industries) has managed 15% growth, thanks, in part, to updating. Plus White Kits contain a more comfortable mouthpiece, while the 5-minute Speed Whitening Gel is now available for sensitive teeth. Church Dwight is to launch Arm Hammer Whitening Booster in 2008, a tube-based high peroxide formula intended for daily use in addition to toothpaste. Belgium-based company Remedent has announced plans to bring new technology to the US whitening treatment segment. It will begin shipping iWhite, a light activated teeth-whitening kit, to CVS stores in April 2008. The competitive environment Crest Whitestrips continue to lead, taking over half of category dollars. However, the brand has declined by 6% to $160mn, partially owing to increased competition. Crest Whitestrips had an adspend of around $70mn, over half of which went towards the Daily Multicare variant. The company has continued the â€Å"Brightest Five Minutes of your Day† campaign, which encourages consumers to incorporate the strips into their daily regimes. PG is extending its whitening treatments with Crest Whitestrips Daily Whitening Plus Tartar Protection, expected in stores in March 2008. The strips are positioned to protect against the build-up of tartar, as well as whiten and protect against everyday stains. GSK entered the whitening treatments category in Q1 2007 with Aquafresh White Trays, which posted ales of $35mn. The trays are pre-dosed with hydrogen peroxide solution 10% and are ? exible to provide a custom ? t. GSK has spent $23mn promoting the brand, which has already been extended with Aquafresh White Trays Revive, a touch-up whitening product to be used between whitening treatments. Prospects Innovative technology that makes whitening quicker and easier will continue to be the key growth driver. Products with additional bene? ts and the introduction of SKUs that complement whitening treatments, such as Aquafresh White Trays Revive, are also avenues for growth. Simpli? yle 6 MARCH 2008 67 ORAL CARE Canada The OTC oral care market – toothpastes, mouthwashes and whitening treatments – continued its steady single-digit growth in 2007, advancing by 3%. Hardware such as toothbrushes is not included in our topline ? gures. Marketers have employed education initiatives to attract consumers to the OTC oral care market. PG promotes Crest and Oral-B as part of its Teeth For Life campaign, which aims to raise awareness of the importance of oral health and raise funds to support Dentistry Canada. Meanwhile, the fourth Listerine Gingivitis week was hosted in June 2007 in conjunction with the Canadian Dental Hygienists Association. about toothpastes from China containing diethylene glycol and ordered retailers to remove all toothpastes from the country off their shelves. Also, Neem Active Toothpaste With Calcium (Calcutta Chemical Co) – manufactured in India – was recalled in July 2007 as it also contained DEG, along with harmful bacteria. Although the brand was not approved for sale in Canada, it was found in some stores. The competitive environment Colgate-Palmolive is one of the key players and it launched Colgate Visible White toothpaste – formulated with peroxide – in summer 2007. The company claims that it not only removes surface stains but also deep stains which have penetrated below the surface. Consumers are expected to be able to notice results within two weeks of use. The launch was supported by the â€Å"Rede? ne White – Rede? ne You† competition, the grand prize for which is a professional makeover and a female-oriented gift pack, demonstrating that the brand is targeted at women. TV ads have also been used to promote Colgate Visible White. Colgate Max Fresh is also now marketed in Canada in tubes or squeezable bottles. Both formats include mini breath freshening strips which are embedded in the paste. Advertising is targeted at young people. For example, the purple-coloured Kiss Me Mint variant, in peppermint and berry ? avour, invites consumers to â€Å"be tempting† which it says is about â€Å"attitude† and â€Å"dancing until dawn†. Max Fresh Burst toothpaste, with â€Å"50% more breath strips†, is new to the range; advertising highlights the added freshness that the toothpaste creates. The Colgate toothpaste range also includes Luminous, to reinforce enamel layers, Sparkling White, Tartar Control, Cavity Protection, Sensitive Whitening and children’s toothpastes. PG markets a selection of toothpastes in the Crest range including Whitening Expressions, Vivid White, Toothpaste Sales of toothpastes grew by 3%, largely thanks to a double-digit advance by presentations for sensitive teeth. Toothpastes for this condition are now the most lucrative type and grew by 16% to reach sales of $42mn. In 2006, whitening toothpastes were the best-sellers but a decline of 14% brought sales down to $36mn in 2007. Sales of toothpastes for children grew by 1% to close to $11mn. Meanwhile, those speci? ed for tartar control fell by 12% to $3mn. As with the FDA, Health Canada issued warnings Nielsen market facts: Canadian oral care 2007 Category Dentifrice excluding polishes whiteners Baking soda Kids Sensitive Tartar control Whitening Oral antiseptics Whitening kits Sales C$mn 222. 1 2. 4 13. 1 52. 6 4. 4 44. 7 107. 6 37. 6 % change 07/06 +2 -6 +1 +16 -12 -14 +6 -1 Source: Nielsen MarketTrack, grocery, drug, mass merchandisers, general merchandisers and warehouse clubs, 52 weeks ending 19 January 2008 (RSP) Simpli? yle 6 8 MARCH 2008 MARKET REPORT Complete, MultiCare, Sensitivity Protection, Cavity Protection, Tartar Protection and presentations for children. Crest Pro-Health has recently been extended with a nighttime variant, claimed to improve oral health, even after dark. Crest Extra White With Scope has also been launched. Tom’s of Maine – acquired by Colgate – markets its toothpastes in Canada, too. GSK markets original Sensodyne and Sensodyne-F, which contains sodium ? uoride. ProNamel, for those at risk of acid erosion, has been part of the Sensodyne range since September 2006. GSK also markets Aquafresh White Shine. Church Dwight ? elds several toothpaste brands – Arm Hammer, Close Up, Aim and Pearl Drops. The competitive environment Crest Whitestrips are marketed by PG. The latest addition is Daily Multicare which is designed to be used for ? ve minutes each day. The Whitestrips range also includes original presentations and Renewal, which aims to remove 20 years of stains. Rembrandt whitening kits are marketed by JJ’s Personal Products. Meanwhile, Arm Hammer Dental Care Whitening Gum is marketed by Church Dwight. It is positioned to be chewed after meals to clean and whiten teeth. Prospects Unlike many OTC categories, launches in Canada quickly follow those in the US so some recently added products from across the border could soon reach Canadian shelves. Big name launches in the whitening category could be particularly bene? cial to sales. Mouthwash Mouthwashes continued to grow, with sales advancing by 6%. However, there was no change in volume sales, indicating that the dollar growth is a result of higher prices, or a move to premium SKUs. The competitive environment Listerine is a leading player. The range includes various presentations including a whitening pre-brush rinse. As in the US, the products are now offered with a less potent taste. A+P emphasises that these are the same formulation, but with a milder ? avour. Listerine PocketPak breath strips are also offered in Canada. PG launched its ? rst Crest mouthwash – Pro-Health Rinse – in late 2007. This follows the launch of Pro-Health toothpaste in 2006. The rinse is alcohol-free which makes it more comfortable for consumers to use twice a day, according to the company. The brand has been successful in the US (see US section of this Market Report) so PG will be hoping for a repeat performance in Canada. PG also markets Scope mouthwash. Scope White – for fresh breath and whitening – was launched in 2007 and, as in the US, was promoted by television star, Ryan Seacrest. Market forecast USA †¢ The number of multi-bene? t presentations is set to grow as key advantages offered by each product type become increasingly blurred †¢ Demographics such as older adults and diabetics will be targeted speci? cally †¢ A+P for whitening treatments is likely to be stepped up following increased competition in the category CANADA †¢ Additions to the Crest Pro-Health range will help to drive growth †¢ In? ences from the US will further penetrate the Canadian market Our thanks to our regular data providers: For information on IRI, contact Ryan Stredney on t: 312-474-3862; f: 312-474-2592 For TNS-Media Intelligence / Competitive Media Reporting, contact John Ciotoli on t: 212-991-6087 For The Nielsen Company, contact Kristen Ridley via t: 905-943-8343 Whitening trea tments Following a decline in 2006, sales of OTC teeth whitening presentations were virtually ? at in 2007. Simpli? yle 6 MARCH 2008 69 Essential reports from Nicholas Hall SURVIVAL STRATEGIES in Consumer Healthcare Vitamins, Minerals Supplements The essential guide to planning an effective VMS growth strategy PUBLISHED OCTOBER 2007 This 300-page report puts VMS under the microscope in the leading developed and emerging markets. Using latest data from Nicholas Hall’s global OTC database, DB6 2007, it will explain the latest developments and the necessary conditions to return the market to growth, with a special emphasis on evidence-based NPD and marketing. 2 brand case studies prove it’s possible to achieve high growth, even in a static market. NEW! Published April 2008 (with all-new data): Gastrointestinals The latest report in this essential series focuses on what was the fastest-growing OTC category in 2006. 250 pages offer up-to-date information and present expert analysis of the changing climate in the leading developed and emerging markets. Buy the whole report, or individual country modules. Ord er NOW to benefit from pre-publication discounts. An essential lifeline for marketers in all the core OTC categories Nicholas Hall Survival Strategies reports are the definitive guides to success in key OTC categories, providing trends developments, competitive intelligence, case studies, market analysis and future strategies – all backed by detailed charts and tables based on data from Nicholas Hall’s unique global OTC database, DB6. Other recent titles: Analgesics (2006); Dermatologicals (2006); Cough, Cold Allergy (2005). All offer the same ssential mix of information and analysis: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Detailed regional and key country reviews †¢ Analysis of trends developments Hundreds of charts tables †¢ Developments in specific therapeutic areas Rx-to-OTC switch environment †¢ Ingredient status and key indications Case studies of key brands (established category leaders and dynamic switches) Review of the wider competitive environment to assess the impact of new remed ies What the future holds Contact Stacy Wootton on +44 (0) 1702 220 204 or email stacy. [emailprotected] com for further information.

Relationship Between Math And Music - 1001 Words

blue = good Pink =doesn’t make sense/ Incomplete Sentences Red = make it longer Green = missing Purple = unsure about it Have you ever wondered why music doesn’t get in the way when you do math homework? It’s because the harmonics in math and music go in a geometric pattern and so on, let me simple it down for you in this paper. In paper will discuss about the relationships between math and music, the reasons music is better when doing math, what type of music uses math, and what types of math has the most connection to music. What kinds of relationships does math have to music? The relations between math and music are like altruism between animals. â€Å"The connection between mathematics and music is often touted in awed, mysterious tones, but it is grounded in hard-headed science. For example, mathematical principles underlie the organization of Western music into 12-note scales. And even a beginning piano student encounters geometry in the â€Å"circle of fifths† when learning the fundamentals of music theory.† In music there are different types of simple math where you have to add different combinations of notes to equal a 4/4 or else the beat of the music won’t be right. Even complex math is in music like, Geometry, Fibonacci, and Pythagoras where they further deepen the music. There are even jobs a person needs to learn math and music relationships like an Acoustic Engineer, a musician, or a DJ. â€Å"Chris can then build his set for the night. He knows that to keepShow MoreRel atedThe Relationship between Math and Music Essay2505 Words   |  11 Pagesother hand, music is an art of sound through the use of harmonies, rhythm and melodies. Although these two subjects are in contrast to each other, as mathematics is often unpopular to most people for its difficulty and music is easily likeable for its pleasantness, experts have uncovered a strong connection between the two topics. The connection between mathematics and music is held through the concepts of numbers, patterns, and ratios. Through these mathematical concepts, many music theories wereRead MoreMath Music Theory850 Words   |  4 PagesMathematics and Music Theory In the study of mathematics, at first glance it seems clear that mathematics is cut and dry, black and white, completely numerical. But in many ways, mathematics extends into other areas of life. While some people may think of mathematics and art as being two separate entities, Math is very present in many artistic endeavors. Music, commonly referred to as an art, would not be possible without the relationship it shares with mathematics. In many different ways, math is an importantRead MoreMathematics and its Relation with Music and its Harmonics766 Words   |  3 Pageshave manipulated the standard aspects of music, which include rhythm and melody. More importantly, many musical compositions have incorporated complex math within, for examples again, melodies and rhythms that create a uniqueness that has yet to be perfectly matched by other composers. One other key aspect of music in general, harmony, is where a fairly complex mathematical formula is involved: the harmonic mean. Because harmony is a major component of music, it is no surprise that this harmonic meanRead MoreIs Beauty A Mathematical And Non Mathematical Context?1652 Words   |  7 Pageswas related to music. For this report, the main topic will be ‘Frequency, Pitch and Harmony’; this report will explain the maths behind this, how sound waves are connected, Pythagoras and his involvement and a brief history of maths and its link with music. 2. The Maths Behind The Music 2.1 What is music? Some consider defining the word ‘music’ quite hard, since many people have different opinions on what ‘music’ is. Personally I consider music a combinationRead MoreMathematical and Musical Harmony1308 Words   |  6 Pagesto be to be strictly rational, abstract, cold and soulless. Music, however, is involved with emotion, with feelings, and with life. It exists in all daily routines. Everyone has sung a song, pressed a key on a piano, or blown into a flute, and therefore, in some sense, made music. People can easily interact with it. Music is a way of expression and a part of everyone’s existence. The incentive for investigating the connections between these two apparent opposites therefore is in the least obviousRead MoreMusic Lessons Improve Life Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagessongs, all the way down to slow, peaceful, or gloomy songs. Music can make people calm and relaxed, and also get them pumped up and full of energy. The piano produces music that is different from every other instrument. It has a wide range of sound going from low to high and from soft to loud. Put those sounds in combinations and it could produce music. The piano has a large range of music’s available that most everyone is able to find music that they would like. There are also people who play thatRead MoreSports vs Performing Arts1498 Words   |  6 Pagesperforming arts. Music education being the right of all children it must be taught in appropriate ways suggested by the geographical cultural and social environment (3). And yes, that is true. Every child should have the write to experience. Every person, in every culture is introduced to some form of music. Whether a person lives in Asia, Africa, Italy, or the USA. That person is introduced to the kind of music in that culture. But scientists have said time after time that Music lessons appearRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On Music Education1002 Words   |  5 Pageschildren wanting to play outside instead of practice violin music is proven to make you smarter. When a child particularly at a young age learns how to play an instrument preferably in a social setting is provides the brain of that child with extra dopamine, new neurological connections, better behavior, and higher test scores. Schools are turning to new programs to aid music education and there are many reasons to support their de cision. Music has been proven over many studies to show a connection toRead MoreMusic Education and the Benefits Essay examples1700 Words   |  7 Pages Most understand that music is a useful tool for relaxation and leisure time. Fewer know that learning a musical instrument, or even listening to music for long periods of time, can have a positive impact on one’s academic abilities. Numerous researchers and college professors have looked into this correlation and again and again have produced data that confirms this common theory. Studying music can not only improve academic skills, but sharpen motor skills, memory, and create a well rounded, enrichedRead MoreMathematics and Music: The Collision of Science and Art Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pages The concept of the Renaissance man is somewhat of a lost ideal, replaced by the specialized philosophy of the industrial era. From the 14th to 17th centuries; however, it would be common to find a man with a profound knowledge of both the A rts, music, poetry, literature, art, and the Sciences, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology. The Renaissance man embraced all forms of knowledge, and through a deep passion for both the Arts and Sciences, used each discipline to expand the other. Unfortunately

Collection of Happy Birthday Wish Quotations

There are birthday wishes and then there are birthday wishes. But to make a truly special birthday wish you have to blend together many beautiful phrases. Here are some quotes that I like to use in creating a personalized happy birthday wish. Frank SinatraMay you live to be 100 and may the last voice you hear be mine.Jonathan SwiftMay you live all the days of your life!William Butler YeatsFrom our birthday, until we die,Is but the winking of an eye.Lewis CarrollThere are three hundred and sixty-four days when you might get un-birthday presents and only one for birthday presents, you know.AnonymousA birthday is just the first day of another 365-day journey around the sun. Enjoy the trip.AnonymousThis card is filled with wishesFor a very special day,One that brings a world of joyAnd happiness your way-Its also filled with loving thoughtsEspecially meant for you,For youre the kind of personHappy things should happen to!AnonymousHope it addsSome special pleasureTo the hours of your dayTo know youre being thought ofIn the very warmest way...And when your birthdays over,Hope that youll remember, too,The same warm thoughts as alwaysWill keep going out to you!Emily DickinsonWe turn not older with years but newer every day.Frank L loyd WrightYouth is a circumstance you cant do anything about. The trick is to grow up without getting old.Billy MillsYour life is a gift from the Creator. Your gift back to the Creator is what you do with your life.Bishop Richard CumberlandIt is better to wear out than to rust out.

Romanticism in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown, The...

Romanticism in Young Goodman Brown, The Birth-Mark, and Rappaccinis Daughter Nathaniel Hawthorne gives his own definition of romanticism in the preface to The House of Seven Gables. According to Hawthorne, the writer of a romance may claim a certain latitude and may deepen and enrich the shadows of the picture, as long as he does not swerve aside from the truth of the human heart. The writer of a romance will be wise...to mingle the Marvelous as long as he does it to a slight, however if he disregards this caution, he will not be committing a literary crime (Hawthorne, House of Seven Gables, preface). Nathaniel Hawthorne consistently stays true to his standards of romanticism. The application of these standards†¦show more content†¦But, if her any shifting emotion caused her to turn pale, there was the mark again... (Hawthorne, The Birth Mark 640). Hawthorne description of Georgianas birthmark and Rappaccinis plants are vague and frequent, yet they fulfill Hawthorns promise to bring out or mellow the lights and deepen enrich the shadows of the pictur e (T.H.O.S.G., preface). The examples stated above show that Hawthorne does say true to his definition of romanticism, more specifically his self-proclaimed right to depart from reality. However, although the author of a romance does not have to write about reality, he must stay true to the emotions of the human heart. The fact that a romance is not about reality but is about true human emotions is what gives it that timeless quality. In Rappaccinis Daughter, Giovanni Guasconti does what any other man would do when he is in love with a lady. Despite ample warnings from Professor Baglioni, you are the subject of one Rappaccinis experiments! (R.D. 659) Giovanni continues to meet with Beatrice regularly, It was now the customary hour of his daily interview with Beatrice (R.D. 667). Giovanni shows true human emotions towards his lover. Young Goodman Brown is perhaps the most normal and life-like of Hawthornes characters. Goodman Brown represents the average man, but more importantly he represents the average mans flaws and inadequacies. This is why his reactions are so easy to relateShow MoreRelated Comparing Romanticism in Plymouth Plantation, Birthmark, and Rappaccinis Daughter1140 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚     Puritanism and Romanticism differ in style, religious references, and plot content. Puritanism began to flourish with strict God-fearing Calvinists who had fled to America to escape religious persecution in Europe. With writers such as William Bradford and Edward Taylor, Puritan literature focuses on Gods role in the lives of the people and adopts a simple religious style of writing. Romanticism was introduced to Americans in the nineteenth century, delivering a fresh literary and artistic

The Triumph Of The Great Wall Of China Essay examples

The Great Wall of China has been called a wonder by many who have seen it. It brings pride to the Chinese nation, and is known for being the only man made structure visible from space. The magnitude of The Great Wall is an architectural achievement as well as an example of the will power of man. Many find it hard to believe that such an amazing sight could have a history so filled with death, slavery and sadness as The Great Wall does. The Great Wall of China is one of the worlds most famous architectural triumphs and has helped China throughout its history, even though its creation is marked by tragedy. There is a large dispute over how long The Great Wall of China really is. Estimates are given anywhere between 1,500 miles and 13,250†¦show more content†¦The Great Wall of China was instrumental in the evolution of modern wall building techniques. The Chinese traditionally used the hang?tu technique. This is when earth is put into wooden molds and beaten until it is as compact as possible. The molds are then removed and the hardened earth creates a wall. Some of the original earth walls stand as tall as 20 feet, and are as wide as 27 feet6. Earthen walls worked well in some areas but quickly eroded in desert areas. The Great Wall goes through a large variety of terrain, and there was a need for different styles of building. In the desert, there was a need for materials like wood and rocks to be put into the wall to make it erode slower. In the mountains harder materials like granite had to be used, so the wall would survive the harsh snowfall and wind. The Chinese wall buil ders were able to adjust their construction methods to fit each environment in which they were building. This changed the traditional approach to wall building. If a person were to walk the entire length of the wall, they would not only see a difference in the environment around the wall, but they would see the wall?s construction change to fit each environment. In order to build The Great Wall, the Chinese had to have an extremely organized government. The Great Wall was a huge project and needed to be overseen very carefully to avoid having large scale problems later. The enormous amount of money andShow MoreRelatedCultural Analysis Of China s History1341 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Analysis of China China’s history is the world’s oldest unbroken civilization dating back to at least four thousand years. Through these years, China came to develop several dynasties, with the first being the Xia Dynasty which was formed in 2000 B.C. Following the Xia Dynasty was the Qin Dynasty; main reason for this dynasty was to reform all the regions of China. The key contributing factor is in this successful event, was a Chinaman by the name of Qin Shi Huang. He was the soleRead MoreHistory : Genghis Khan, Julius Caesar, And Alexander The Great919 Words   |  4 Pageshroughout history, Genghis Khan, Julius Caesar, and Alexander the Great are successful conquerors in history. Genghis Khan a tyrant and a bloodthirsty villain during his period he conquered more territory than any other leader in history. Julius Caesar a great general that ever lived, he also knew how to elevate money for festivals and gifts. Lastly, Alexander the Great is a person who conquered many territorie s, had a large empire, formed the Hellenistic culture, and became very successful. E.HRead MoreTaking a Look at the League of Nations841 Words   |  3 Pagespurpose of maintaining peace and development among all countries of the world wish to join the organisation, open diplomatic relations. It was a fundamentally new experience in international diplomacy , which had previously served the interests of a few great powers that dominated the global arena. According to the plan Wilson League had the right to maintain peace on the State to impose economic sanctions on the aggressor , without backing these sanctions military force. States members of the League hadRead MoreCivilizations of Ancient China and East Asia1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe main major theme of module three is the development in China and East Asia. The chapters cover the social, philosophical, cultural, governmental and religious aspects. The chapters offer an insight of how China and Eastern Asian cultures had dev eloped. It also elaborates on the dynasties that had ruled during this era. China was isolated from West and South Asia because of the demographics of the land. The writing system was not influenced by other cultures. 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Those who worked in the super-factory either redefined their sense of home or grew accustomedRead MoreGlobal Effects Of The Cold War1311 Words   |  6 Pagesdid decolonization. Major cold war events included: the build up of huge armories of atomic weapons and ballistic missiles by the U.S and the Soviet Union, formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, the policy of Dà ©tente, the rise and fall of the Berlin Wall, and the collapsing of the Soviet Union. The Cold War and decolonization affected the global world by creating a polarized and combative environment, and dividing the world on the basis of democracy versus c ommunism. Both the Soviet Union and UnitedRead More The Great Wall of China Essay2903 Words   |  12 PagesThe Great Wall of China To the northwest and north of Beijing, a huge, serrated wall zigzags its way to the east and west along the undulating mountains. This is the Great Wall, which is said to be visible from the moon. This massive wall has not only been one of the Ancient Seven Wonders of the World, but it has also been inspiration for many artists, and writers. The building of the Great Wall is one of the biggest tragedies, but through this tragedy arose triumph with the wall, being soRead MoreThe Ambiguity Of Income Inequality1143 Words   |  5 Pagesreminiscent of the wealth distribution following the Stock Market Crash of 1929, where the top 1 percent of Americans owned 24 percent of the wealth. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy and would eventually catapult the country into the Great Depression [Pew Research]. More importantly, empirical data can be used as a benchmark to support the claims of extreme income inequality in the U.S. rather than instances throughout history. The Gini coefficient is a measuring tool in economics usedRead MoreSince The Cold War Era, The Spread Of Democracy And Its1410 Words   |  6 Pageschemical attacks exceeded 60 million dollars. 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