Essay on Queen Elizabeth I - Family, Religion, and Politics

Born of a king whose most disappointing day was that of her birth, Elizabeth Tudor’s life seemed almost made for trials and controversy, both personally and politically. Although she had, at times, a horrible temper and a disagreeable personality, and suffered through many physical and psychological problems as an adult, Elizabeth proved to be one of the most remarkable monarchs in English history. Firstly, I will discuss Elizabeth’s family (including her many stepmothers), and then I will talk about her relationship with her siblings under their power. Thirdly, I will examine religion and how it affected her opinions and politics during her reign. Lastly, I will look at foreign politics of the time and some of Elizabeth’s decisions†¦show more content†¦She was beheaded and buried near her cousin, Ann Boleyn. In 1543, the King married for the last time. Catherine Parr was a very good wife and stepmother. She encouraged Elizabeth and Edward in their lessons and in their interest in the protestant church. King Henry died in 1547. Edward became the king at the young age of ten. Elizabeth and Edward remained very close throughout his reign, and, because they were not allowed to live in the same residence, many fond letters were exchanged between them. Soon, though, Edward became ill. He, knowing he probably would not live much longer, made a quick revision to Henry VIII’s will. Mary Tudor (a catholic) was supposed to become queen at his death, but he replaced her with his cousin, Lady Jane Grey, a protestant. After Edward’s death, Jane Grey was queen for ten days before the public rallied and gave their support to Mary. Jane Grey was executed and Mary was declared queen. The nation was restored to Catholicism. Mary, to begin with, was polite to Elizabeth. Mary â€Å"looked at her sister with warmth and tolerance, provided her reconciliation to the Church could be brought about, Mary was ready, not entirely to trust her, but to treat her with sisterly kindness†(Jenkins, 1965, p. 41). Elizab eth outwardly converted to Catholicism for Mary, though she remained a protestant on the inside. Mary’s kindness to Elizabeth gradually disappeared. Mary’s advisors assured her that her sisterShow MoreRelatedThe Machiavellian Struggle in Spain and England during the Reformation881 Words   |  3 PagesThe time of the reformation was a time of heavy politics, political wars, and religious attacks and conflicts. This was a period of growth for some countries, such as England, and a time of decline for other countries like Spain. These two particular countries, England and Spain, had two very powerful rulers who helped determine the fate of their nations. Phillip II of Spain was born into a very powerful family of extremely Machiavellian heritage. 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The Policy Process Part Iii Free Essays

The Policy Process, Part II University of Phoenix HCS 455 The Policy Process, Part II In the paper the author discussed The Policy Process, Part I on how Medicare part D became a policy. The author discussed the details on the formulation, legislative, and implementation stages of the policy. Now time to look at the final stages of the process, of Medicare Part D. We will write a custom essay sample on The Policy Process Part Iii or any similar topic only for you Order Now Which are evaluation, analysis, revision, and methodology stages. In every policy there will be an evaluation stage to see how the policy will work and what needs to be done to evaluate the process. Evaluation Stage The evaluation stage is a process in which policymakers in the Senate and House look at a policy and evaluate the future outcomes of a policy in this case Medicare Part D. For instance once of the evaluation process would be how policymakers would evaluate the pharmaceutical companies to make sure to keep prescription costs down. Another would be to evaluate how many senior citizens are enrolling in the plan. As well as making sure senior citizens have all the information available to them to choose the correct plan that fits their prescription needs. For instance the Kaiser Foundation did a study on the technical problems of Medicare Part D. One of Kaiser’s findings seen confusion on which prescriptions would be covered from the numerous plans that an individual can choose from. As well, as medical providers not getting the new medical software to transition Medicare Part D into their computer systems. This meant that difference agencies like, doctors, insurance companies, and pharmacies run different programs and that have different policies on how to share patient’s information. Now on the other hand, if all these agencies can have the same software this would allow everyone in the patient’s medical circle to share the same codes and computer language. Thus, not having to have a great deal of public pain and confusion about the patient’s drug coverage’s. Another problem was transferring large patient’s files from one insurer to another insurer can take up to six months, from a 2004 study from the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission(Terri Emerick, 2006). One of the solutions to these problems would be to evaluate the information which is being sent to senior citizens. Medicare should send out their booklet to all senior citizens that are in the drug plan. All senior citizens should write down their medications which they are taking. Many seniors that do go to their local senior centers should go online and check out the Medicare website for information. As well calling Medicare to ask questions about which plan will work best for them. Do not forget to talk to your local pharmacist he or she might be able to tell the names of the plans which cover the prescriptions. By evaluating these areas policymakers can get information from outside agencies to do research and come up with results from polls, interviews, and surveys. In evaluating all this information policymakers can form an analysis of Medicare Part D and see what need to be done. Analysis Stage Analyzing Medicare Part D as the author stated earlier one of the problems where the technical problems between the different agencies and sharing patients information. On February 17, 2009 President Obama signed a $787 billion dollar stimulus bill which puts $150 billion dollars on spending health information technology (Omini MD, 2009). This new plan physicians and health professionals will now receive incentives for implementing IT programs into their computer systems. Becoming paperless will maximize Medicare as well as physicians and medical professionals. By 2015 it will be mandatory that all physicians and medical professionals use IT programs. The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) by December 31, 2009 under the stimulus act will develop a set of standards, implementation methods, and criteria for the new IT system to be in place (Chris Silvia, 2009). Another analysis was made about the enrollment period. The enrollment period to enroll in a drug coverage plan is from November 15th through December 31st. Many elderly individuals felt they were getting rushed into signing up for a plan. Most of them were confused and explaining why they must pick a new drug coverage program every year. Many individuals fail to sign up within the six week time frame due to their medical or mental condition. This is something that would need to be analyzed and see if they can extend the enrollment period from six week to 12 weeks. Start the enrollment period on October 1st instead of November 15th. This would give many elderly individuals plenty enough time to pick, choose, and switch plans before the December 31st end date. In this entire analysis one must think there should be revisions made to the policy to make it better. Revision Stage In revising a policy starts by looking to see which policies need to be updated or changed to make the policy better. On September 5, 2008 one of the revisions in Medicare Part D was the use of Electronic Prescription Program (E-prescribing) Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) expects that Medicare Part D sponsors will have all the necessary contracts and systems in place should prescribers desire to use E-prescribing (Claudia Schlosberg, n. . ) As stated in the paragraph above with IT systems for physicians and health professionals using paperless system will maximize Medicare. This revision will not only help out pharmacies but help out physicians. Now this information will allows doctors to find out what prescriptions the patient has used in the past and where the patient usually goes to pick up his or her medications from. By revising this policy ever yone in the medical community can deliver faster and better care for the individual. Since many senior citizens continue to do work, due to their low income, CMS has revised a section on Medicare Part D for employers. Employers whom are offering medication drug coverage’s to Medicare individuals will now disclose to CMS if the plans the employer is offering are creditable. To make sure that the prescription drug plans are creditable, the plans must equal or exceed the actuarial value of defined standard prescription drug coverage under CMS guidelines (Kutak Rock, 2007). This revision in Medicare Part D is very important for seniors, this way seniors can know if the program that they have from work is creditable and make a decision on whether or not he or she should waive the enrollment of Medicare Part D. They employer must submit to CMS all the prescription drug plans that they offer to see if the plans follow CMS guidelines. Employers must also send out information to those individuals in the plan on or before the Medicare Part D enrollment date of November 15th of each year. Purpose and Methodologies One of the methodologies in Medicare Part D was to make sure senior citizens get help with their drug prescription costs. Even thou CMS has many plans to choose from seniors need to do their part in researching some of the plans via internet, CMS hotline, and talking to their pharmacist. In turn the E-prescribing was another to help physicians and pharmacies to collect information more quickly without using any paper. By having everything computerized pharmacists can receive and gather information quickly compared to the old practice of using a fax machine. Using a computer eliminates misplaced fax paper, paper jams, or the fax did not go through. This saves time and money on both parts for the physician and pharmacists. IT software stimulus package the president Obama signed this year to help all healthcare professions to go paperless and receive patient’s information more quickly than before. This as well will save time and money for healthcare professionals in managing patient’s data to make sure all parties involved get the information they need for billing and medical information. So these are just some of the purposes and methodologies for some changes in the Medicare Part D. Conclusion As more senior citizens coming into retirement Medicare Part D will be a major focus of discussion on the political front. Both Democrats and Republicans have different ideas on how to evaluate, analyze, and revise Medicare Part D. Of course, from the author’s perspective having IT software programs in place will help out indeed for all healthcare professionals and providers. Now with the Obama stimulus plan sign this year hopefully, all healthcare professions can be on the same track to get these IT systems in place. The benefits are enormous to getting information faster to the right people, especially in an emergency. Although CMS needs to do a better job on informing seniors about the prescription drug plans, so that way they can make better judgments on the plan they choose. Even better yet cut down on some of these plans these are way too many of them and they are confusing seniors on which plan to choose from. Either way policymakers from both sides need to work with healthcare professional to see what can be done to improve on Medicare Part D. References Chris Silvia (2009). Practices paperless before 2012 could maximize Medicare bonuses. Retrieved December 2, 2011, from http://www. ama-assn. org/amednews/2009/03/16/gvsa0316. htm Claudia Schlosberg (n. d. ). CMS Revises Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit Manuel-Chapter 7 Medication Therapy Management and Quality Improvement Program. Retrieved December 2, 2011, from http://www. ascp. com/advocacy/upload/ASCP%20Summary%20of %20CMS%20Chap%207%20Revisions. pdf Kutak Rock (2007). Medicare Part D: CMS Revises Model Notice and Disclosure Notice Requirements. Retrieved December 2, 2011, from http://www. utakrock. com/publications/employeebenefits/EBCA1107. pdf Omini MD (2011). Medicaid, health IT to see billions from stimulus package signed by Obama. Retrieved December 2, 2011, from http://www. myemrstimulus. com/tag/emr-software/ Omni MD (n. d. ). Medicaid, health IT to see billions from stimulus package signed by Obama. Retrieved December 2, 2011, from http://www. myemrstimulus. com/tag/emr-software/ Terri Eme rick (2006). Part D:Rx for Disaster. Retrieved December 2, 2011, from http://www. epluribusmedia. org/archives/features/2006/0511part_d. html How to cite The Policy Process Part Iii, Essay examples

Hazard and Risk Identification Management

Question: Describe about the Hazard and Risk Identification Management. Answer: Introduction This essay is about the knowledge of the hazard and risk identification process and its application in the ABC company scenario. The essay is divided into five sections and a conclusion. The first section discuses the legislation and compliance requirements relevant to the ABC company, specifically those relating to Safety Data Sheets and inventories. The second part discuses the hazards inherent in the situation experienced in ABC Company while the third section discuses the risk assessment procedures that should be undertaken by the company in details. The fourth and fifth parts give a description of the tools that could be used to assess the risks and risk causes in the company and a range of prioritized risk controls that could be put in place. Hazard and Risk identification process for the ABC Company The legislation and compliance requirements relating to Safety Data Sheets and inventories of the ABC Company ABC Chemicals is a distributor of chemicals and therefore the company is required to comply with the legislation relating to Safety Data Sheets and inventories (SDS). Safety and Data Sheet and inventories is a document that compiles the records on the chemical, physical and toxicological properties of the elements and offering suggestions for handling, keeping and disposing. Additionally, first aid and emergency procedures are generally outlined in the document. The regulations are meant to offer important information required by users to shield them from potentially hazardous substances that may be related to the product. The employees should not be restricted to access the Safety Data Sheets and Inventories. Some of the legislation requirements which ABC Chemicals need to comply to may include the name of the supplier, with the telephone number and address, and the date that the SDS was documented or amended. Sometimes the limits of exposure and data explaining toxicity may undergo modification. Therefore a regular review of the SDS needs to be done to ensure an updated information. The numbers of the phone are provided to enable the users contact the suppliers for any addition information. Another requirement is the chemical properties of the product. Chemicals that are hazardous should be recognized and their synonyms written down. Most ingredients used for products that are mixtures should also be identified (Schultz, 2004). Besides chemical properties, physical properties should also be documented. The physical properties may include information such as boiling point, molecular weight and the point at which it melts. Additionally, health hazards associated with the product should be documented. Documenting health hazards will ensure listing of both chronic and acute dangers to health. The point of entry of the hazardous chemical is also described and carcinogens that may be present are discussed in detail. Another important factor that should be considered in the documentation is the procedures for storage and handling of the product. Individual protective equipment and roper measures of control are identified and listed. First aid and emergency techniques are also a significant section in the SDS since recommendations for first aid and procedures used during fighting fire are included. Measures to be taken if the product spills are as well recommended. Finally, guidelines for appropriate disposal of waste products should be very well listed. The users should be directed to dispose of the wastes appropriately. Correct disposal of wastes will ensure the neighborhoods are not negatively affected by the activities of the company. The hazards inherent in the situation experienced in ABC Company Various health hazards are associated with ABC Chemicals with reference to the surrounding areas, the premise itself, and the methods employed by the employees. One of the hazards is the chemical separation into smaller containers. This procedure is done manually which may spill into the hands of the workers thereby causing a health risk since the chemicals contain acids and corrosives. The company should provide the workers with better protective gears or employ a machine that will be able to do the decanting process without the direct involvement of the workers. The method used in cleaning the spills of the company is a potential hazard. Since the chemicals decanted are very dangerous majorly corrosives, acids and solvents, the spills should be cleaned in a more appropriate way to prevent the workers from being affected. Wiping the spills with a rag may cause corrosion of the hands since the chemicals are harsh to the skin. The waste management of ABC Chemicals is another hazard. The method used to dispose the rags used for cleaning spills is dangerous. Acids and corrosives do not decompose and therefore should not be disposed with other wastes. When the waste contractor finally disposes off the wastes, the acids will lead to contamination of soil and water hence posing health risks to plants and people using water (Steelman and McCaffrey, 2012). The method used to dispose the used drums is additionally not appropriate. The drums have traces of the chemicals that can affect individuals and hence storing them openly next to a fence is imprope r. Due to limited equipment needed for emergency, the workers are at a great risk in case of uncertainties such as fire. The workers equally have not been given any training regarding emergencies and in handling the chemicals with caution. Lack of training on how to handle chemicals and how to manage emergencies is a hazard (Chen and Tseng, 2012). Additionally, the company has no emergency exit plan, which poses serious consequences in case of a fire break out. The location of the company, which is near the facility of the aged and the day care, is not recommended due to the dangerous waste products and poor waste management. The institution should be located in a secluded area. The overgrown dry grass paddock may cause a fire hazard since the field is next to the fence where the used drums are stored. Fire may be caused when the traces of the acids and corrosives in the drums finally find their way to the field of the dry grass. The risk assessment procedures that should be undertaken by the ABC Company The ABC Company should undertake risk assessment in order to identify latent health risks related to exposure to the harmful products such as acids. Assessment of risks is an approach done methodically to examine risks linked to exposure to impending or known agents that are toxic. Professionals have acquired essential skills to identify, evaluate, manage, and communicate risks (Soprano and Caputo, 2006). For ABC Chemicals, the following risk assessment procedures should be undertaken by the company to ensure risks are managed. The first assessment is the identification of the hazards where the company discovers all the situations and everything that causes the harm. The hazards may be from the products such as corrosives and equipment at the work place, from the physical environment of the work place, how tasks are executed at work and work management such as waste management of the company. To identify the hazards, the company may observe how duties are performed, may consult with the workers of any health issue experienced in the process of work, and by analysis of any records of incidents at the work place. Additionally, evaluation of advice about the risks and hazards pertinent to the company like any information given by the manufacturer of a particular substance may be done. The second step is dose-response assessment. Dose response assessment determines the relationship between the degree of exposure, which is the dose, and the outcome on the environment and humans. ABC Chemicals should be able to c arry out a survey in the surrounding area to determine the level to which the society and the environment have been affected due to the exposure to the chemicals. The third assessment is exposure assessment in which potential exposure of chemicals to the environment and the society is evaluated from the manufacture phase, supply, and utility of the substance, disposal and finally the recycle phase. ABC Chemicals should evaluate if the society around are potentially exposed to the chemicals and employ risk control methods. The fourth assessment is the characterization of the risk whereby estimation of the risk is done by putting together the effects and exposure information. The risk characterization phase involves estimation, interpretation, and reporting of risks and relates an ecological point of view hence promoting transparent, apparent, reasonable, and dependable characterizations of risk (Corvellec, 2010). The risk characterization strategies lay emphasis that the boundary between managers of risk, risk assessors, and parties that are interested is crucial for determining that the assessment results can be applied to support a decision b y the management. Description of the tools that could be used to assess the risks and risk causes in the company One of the tools that can be used by the ABC Company to evaluate its risks is the risk assessment matrix (Aven, 2012). This tool is based on the likelihood or probability of an anticipated risk taking place and the consequences thereafter. The consequences are evaluated upon the backdrop of severity of the anticipated risks, and can be categorized as moderate, low, and high risk. High risks require immediate action owing to the potential damage that may result in the event of delayed action (Sarlin, 2016). The probability feedback is useful in mitigating the risk in the current scenario and in future. Prioritized Risk Controls that could be used in the Company There are ranges of prioritized risk controls that can be put in place in ABC Chemicals. The methods of controlling risks are graded from the uppermost reliability and protection level to the lowest. This method is known as risk control hierarchy. The institution must work through the order of hierarchy and possibly implement risk controls that are high in the order. The highest level of control of the risk is the elimination method. In elimination, the hazard is completely removed from the working area. This measure is the most effective and should always be considered before any other control measure (Chu and Zhang, 2014). The second measure is substitution. The process involves replacing the hazard with better work practice or work practice that is less hazardous such as employing better cleaning methods of spilled acids or corrosives and proper disposal of the used cleaning materials. The third measure is isolation in which separation of practices that are potential hazards from people is done. For example, the ABC Chemicals can move further away from the surrounding environment, which is mainly occupied, by the elderly and babies who have weak immunity and may develop complications due to the hazards. The fourth measure is engineering controls where physical measures of controls are employed to avoid risks such as injury. For instance, the ABC Chemicals may use equipment that will aid in the separation of the chemicals rather than using workers who are at risks of corrosion of the skin caused by spilled chemicals. The fifth measure is the administrative control of risks whereby the work procedures are designed to minimize exposure to a hazard. This measure should only be considered if the other higher measures cannot be employed. The final measure, which is the last choice, is the personal protective equipment (PPE). These include gloves, protective eyewear, and face masks. The potential hazard is never changed by this measure but only serves temporarily. In some instances, the risk control measures are combined and implemented to offer practical and reasonable protection of the highest level. In the selection of a combined risk control measure, caution has to be taken to ensure no new risks are introduced as a result. Conclusion In conclusion, the ABC Chemicals is an environmental risk and proper measurements should be put in place to ensure safety of the children at the day care and the nursing home for the elderly. Plans by the local council to build a community centre should also be considered by the institution and invent proper and practicable ways of disposing the drums to prevent any incident of fire hazard to the dry grass field. Alternatively, the institution may consider acquiring another land, further away from the society where they can continue with the business without posing further health hazards. Another recommendation to the company is to protect the welfare of the workers by training them on how to respond to emergencies. References Aven, T. (2012). Foundational Issues in Risk Assessment and Risk Management.Risk Analysis, 32(10), pp.1647-1656. Chen, C. and Tseng, C. (2012). Default risk-based probabilistic decision model for risk management and control.Nat Hazards, 63(2), pp.659-671. Chu, S. and Zhang, Y. (2014). Markov decision processes with iterated coherent risk measures.International Journal of Control, pp.1-8. Corvellec, H. (2010). Organizational Risk as it Derives from What Managers Value: A Practice-Based Approach to Risk Assessment.Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 18(3), pp.145-154. Sarlin, P. (2016). Computational Tools for Systemic Risk Identification and Assessment.Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, 23(1-2), pp.3-5. Schultz, S. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheets: Evolution and Current Concerns.Synergist, 15(3), p.32. Soprano, A. and Caputo, F. (2006). Maintenance Scheduling in Risk Assessment Procedures.KEM, 324-325, pp.559-562. Steelman, T. and McCaffrey, S. (2012). Best practices in risk and crisis communication: Implications for natural hazards management.Nat Hazards, 65(1), pp.683-705.